Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development

Introduction Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development was developed by Erik Erikson and first published in his 1950 book Childhood and Society though he later revised the theory and published it in subsequent books beginning from the late 1950s to the 1980s.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This theory is one of the most recognized theories of personality in the field of psychology, alongside Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual. However, in contrast to Freud’s theory, Erikson’s theory defines the influence of social experience over a person’s entire lifetime. The theory is divided into eight stages spanning from infancy to late adulthood. Psychosocial Stage 1 – Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth-2 years) This is the first stage of the Psychosocial theory and focuses around the infan t’s basic needs being provided by parents or other caregivers. At this phase, the newborn wholly depends on the caregivers for food, care, and love. Their comprehension of the surrounding originates from the parents, for instance, if the parents are affectionate towards the child, their view of the society will positive, but with a lack of affection, the consequence will be a feeling of distrust. Psychosocial Stage 2 – Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-4 years) At this stage, the child develops a greater degree of personal control and starts to explore their surroundings due to improved muscular coordination and mobility. The children also learn to control their own body functions and this results into some level of autonomy. However, the child is still largely dependent on the parents. Through the parents’ support, the children develop their first interests that will go on to influence their careers. However, when the children are constrained, they will instead h ave doubt and reluctance when performing challenging duties. Psychosocial Stage 3 – Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5 years) This stage mainly occurs at the preschool stage and is characterized by children attempting to comprehend the world around them and learning basic skills. The development of courage and autonomy are what distinguishes this group from the rest. Children who succeed at this stage feel capable and able to take up leadership roles while those who fail to gain the skills have feelings of guilt, lack of confidence, and lack of initiative (Bee and Boyd, 2004). Psychosocial Stage 4 – Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12 years) By interacting with those around them, children at this stage begin to have pride owing to their achievements and skills (Allen Marotz, 2003). They also learn the idea of time and space and are able to put them into practical use. The stage is very crucial to the development of self-confidence that will be of great benefit both at home and at s chool and this occurs only if the children are encouraged and commended by their teachers and parents.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Psychosocial Stage 5 – Identity vs. Role Confusion (13-19 years) At this stage, the adolescent/teenager is more concerned with how they are seen by others. One of the major decisions that the group faces is that of settling on a school and occupation. In the latter stages, the children at this psychosocial stage may develop a sexual identity. Erikson came up with the word ‘Identity Crisis’ in which he stated that each stage had its own crisis (Erikson, 1956). However, this crisis is more marked at this stage as it marks the transition from childhood to adulthood. Persons who receive support will come out of this developmental phase with more autonomy and control while those who are not supported will be confused and unsure of themselves (Marcia, 1966). Love: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood, 20-24, or 20-40 years) This stage is more marked around the age of 30 and is characterized by young adults trying to explore or establish personal relationships. Young adults spend more time with their identities or friends while those who are rejected or fear rejection become isolated (Erikson, 1950). After establishing their identities, they are prepared to commit long-term intimate and reciprocal relationships to others that can be through friendships or marital agreements. Psychosocial Stage 7 – Generativity vs. Stagnation 25-64, or 40-64 years) This is the stage of middle adulthood and the main focus is on career and family. Persons who succeed during this stage will feel that they are positively impacting on the society by being active in their own families and in the community while persons who fail at this phase will have feelings of unproductivity and detachedness from society. Psychosocial Stage 8 – Integrity vs. Despair (65-death) At this phase, persons are less productive and focus is on the reflection of life. It is during the stage that people reflect on their accomplishments. Those who feel proud of their achievements will â€Å"have a feeling of integrity while those who are unsuccessful of their achievements will have a feeling that their lives have been wasted and are filled with regret† (Erikson, 1950). Influence of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory The psychosocial theory has had a great influence in my life. For instance, being in my 20s, I am in the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage and am currently bent on making long-term relationships as mentioned by Erikson. I am also making friends with persons with whom I share common interests such as career and academic activities. I am trying to establish my career, having decided on a specific career earlier on in my teenage years during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage. At this moment, I feel p roud of my achievements and I attribute this to the support and encouragement I received from my parents and teachers. As mentioned by Erikson, support and provision of affection, care, and warmth to the child by both parents and teachers is crucial to the holistic development of the child.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Allen, E. and Marotz, L. (2003). Developmental Profiles Pre-Birth Through Twelve (4th ed.). Albany, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. Bee, H. and Boyd, D. (2004). The Developing Child (12th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. NY: W. W. Norton Company. Erikson, E. (1956). The problem of ego identity. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 4(25), 56-121. Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(14), 551-558. This research paper on Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development was written and submitted by user Giselle H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

BACHMAN Surname Meaning and Family History

BACHMAN Surname Meaning and Family History The Bachman surname has several possible origins. A topographical name for one who dwells by a stream, from the German bach for brook and mann for man.  From the Hebrew  ben chayim, meaning son of life.   Surname Origin:  Hebrew, Dutch, German Alternate Surname Spellings:  BACHMANN, BAUGHMAN, BACKMAN, BOCKMAN, BOCKMANN, BECHMANN, BECHMEN, BECMAN, BAUCHMAN, BOUCHMAN Famous People with the Last Name BACHMAN Michele Bachmann - founder of the U.S. Congressional Tea Party CaucusRandolph Charles Randy Bachman -  Canadian musician; best known as lead guitarist, songwriter and a founding member of The Guess Who  and  Bachman–Turner Overdrive Where is the BACHMAN Surname Most Common? The Bachman surname, according to surname distribution information from  Forebears, is somewhat less common, found most prevalently in the United States. Within the U.S., individuals named Bachman are found in greatest numbers in states with a high number of past German immigrants, including Pennsylvania and Iowa. It is also a lot more common in Poland, than in Germany. The Bachmann spelling is much more common in Switzerland and Germany, where it ranks 26th and 157th, respectively. WorldNames PublicProfiler  data demonstrates the same pattern, with Bachman most prevalent in the U.S. states of South Dakota, Pennsylvania, Nebraska and Iowa, as well as in Saskatchewan, Canada. Genealogy Resources for the Surname BACHMAN Bachman Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Bachman family crest or coat of arms for the Bachman surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. BACHMAN/BACHMANN/BAUGHMAN Y-DNA ProjectThe goal of the Bachman Y-DNA Project is to use DNA combined with traditional genealogy research to determine which of a number of descendants of Swiss and of early American Bachmann immigrants share common ancestors. BACHMAN  Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Bachman ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Bachman ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.   FamilySearch - BACHMAN GenealogyExplore over 360,000  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Bachman surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Bachman RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Bachman surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. Ancestry.com: Bachman SurnameExplore over 490,000 digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Bachman surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com. - Sources: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.